Hawking's theory of black holes
Theoretical physicists from Radboud University in Nijmegen conducted a study testing the correctness of Stephen Hawking's theory about black holes. The results obtained partially confirmed it, and also allowed us to put forward the assumption that everything in the universe is gradually evaporating. A new theoretical study was conducted by physicists Michael Vondrak, Walter van Suilek and Heino Falke. They tested the theory of the famous theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking about black holes and found out that he was right in many ways, but not in everything. At one time, Hawking, using a combination of quantum physics and Einstein's theory of gravity, argued that spontaneous generation and annihilation of pairs of particles should occur near the event horizon. This is called the "point of no return", that is, an invisible line beyond which there is no escape from the gravitational force of a black hole for any objects, even the smallest ones.
A particle and its antiparticle are born from a quantum field for a very short time, after which they immediately annihilate. But sometimes it still happens that one particle falls into a black hole, and the other flies out of it. This phenomenon is called Hawking radiation. According to Hawking himself, such a process should eventually lead to the evaporation of a black hole.
In a new study, theoretical confirmation has been obtained that due to Hawking radiation, black holes will eventually evaporate. But calculations at the same time showed that the event horizon is not as important as it was thought until now. Gravity and the curvature of spacetime also cause Hawking radiation. This means that all large objects in the universe, including the remnants of stars, will eventually evaporate.
The study showed that new particles can be created far beyond the event horizon. If it was previously thought that no radiation was possible without an event horizon, then a new study shows that there is no urgent need for this horizon. This means that objects without an event horizon, such as the remnants of dead stars and other large objects in the universe, also have this kind of radiation. The universe is evaporating, as are black holes. This changes not only our understanding of Hawking radiation, but also our view of the universe and its future.
Microcosm structures
The microcosm is a world of extremely small, not directly observable micro–objects, the spatial dimension of which is calculated from 10-8 to 10-16 cm, and the lifetime is from infinity to 10-24 seconds. In the field of the real, experimentally studied world, physicists fix dimensions of the order of 10-16 cm (a thousand times smaller than the size of atomic nuclei). The microcosm is distinguished as an object of quantum mechanics, including relativistic, which takes into account both quantization and relativity (relativity) of processes in the microcosm, their structural, space-time and energy characteristics.
The discovery of the electron meant the atom's loss of the status of a structurally indivisible element of matter and thereby a radical transformation of classical ideas about objective reality. New discoveries made it possible, firstly, to reveal the existence in objective reality not only of the macro-, but also of the microcosm; secondly, to confirm the idea of the relativity of truth, which is only a step on the path of cognition of increasingly fundamental properties of nature; thirdly, to prove that matter does not consist of an "indivisible primary element" (atom), but of an infinite variety of phenomena, types and forms of matter and their interrelations. First of all, the electron was discovered. Its characteristics were determined in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. It was found that the hydrogen ion, which Rutherford called a proton in 1914, is an elementary carrier of a positive charge. In 1920 Rutherford predicted the existence of a neutron, which was discovered in 1932. In the same year, the positron was discovered.